p4

Assessment activity 4- stepping up to the plate
unit 2: the physiology of fitness
p4- describe the long term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular and respiratory system







Cardiac hypertrophy : Cardiac hypertrophy is a thickening of the heart muscle (myocardium) which results in a decrease in size of the chamber of the heart, including the left and right ventricles. A common cause of cardiac hypertrophy is high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart valve stenosis.

increase in stroke volume: the volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat. your stroke volume is increased and your resting heart rate decreased.


increase in cardiac output: cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped around the body per minute. over a period of time your cardiac output will increase because your stroke volume has increased, this means your heart rate gets used to rate it is maintaining



decrease in resting heart rate:  when you start exercising your heart gets bigger and allows you to pump more blood around your body, this means you can exercise for longer


capillarisation: This is the increased amount of capillaries over the muscles which mean more blood flows which give you more oxygen, and nutrients so you will be able to participate in the exercise longer. the more capillaries you have the quicker the oxygen gets to the muscles.



increase in blood volume: An increase in blood volume is when there is retention of water and sodium in the body , this is due to kidney failure which results in a increase in blood volume



reduction in resting blood pressure: is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels. blood pressure is determined by the strength of the heart beat 



decreased recovery time: the fitter you are the better/quicker your recovery time will be. people who go to the gym and keep fit will be able to get their breath back quicker then people who have a bad diet and don't exercise



increased aerobic fitness: this is where a runner or cyclist has practised at their sport and this helps increase the fitness of the aerobic system also the endurance of the lungs and heart.






Increase in tendon strength: excercise increases tendon strength by stretching and contracting and putting strain on the tendon. this makes the tendon active and replace cells with new ones.




increase in myoglobin stores:  Myoglobin is a protein within the muscle tissue which acts as an oxygen carrier.

As a long term effect of exercise. The ability of the muscles to store myoglobin is increased.

  the myoglobin

 store increase because they get used to the demands of exercise and work placed upon

 them.






increase in number of mitochondria: the number of mitochondria in a cell depends on the metabolic requirements. They multiply due to the muscles working extremley hard


increased storage glycogen and fat: Glycogen is made by the liver and the muscles, fats are stored in the liver, muscles, bones, heart, lungs, kidneys.



increased muscle strength: Muscular strength is your ability to exert maximal force (using maximum or near maximum resistance) during limited repetitions. When focussing on strength improvements, you are generally working to increase your power and muscle mass, with gains in muscular endurance being secondary.



increased tolerance to lactic acid: This is formed when an athlete exercises, if they exercise to the point where oxygen is being used more then can be replenishmed, if you can increase the tolerance you can reprocess the wasted oxygen and help you exercise for longer.

sport p1

Aerobic energy system

Energy taken during the breakdown of food manufactures Adenosine triphosphate

(ATP). The energy required for exercise can be obtained by burning food stores

With oxygen (obtained by breathing). This aerobic system works by the breakdown of carbohydrate, fatty acids and some amino acids. This system uses slow twitch fibres and as it requires oxygen it can run for longer.

Anaerobic energy system

This system relies on the release of energy from food stores in the body

Without the use of oxygen. This type of energy system is used in short bursts of

Intensive activity and results in the accumulation of a waste product called lactic acid, which results in muscle fatigue.

There are two types of anaerobic systems:

(1)The ATP-PC system (Alactic)

(2)The anaerobic glycolysis (Lactic) from degradation of glucose/glycogen.

The ATP-PC system is found in both muscle fibre types, it doesn’t require oxygen and doesn’t produce oxygen. It is used for dynamic quick actions e.g. a tennis serve.

The anaerobic glycolysis (Lactic) system doesn't require oxygen but does produce lactic acid and is normally used for activities that last between 10 seconds and a minute.

The aerobic energy system is usually the first to be used, when you’re active the demand for energy increases, as does the demand for more oxygen by the muscles. This extra demand for oxygen is met by an increase in the rate and depth of breathing and an increase in blood

supply due to increased heart rate. Respiration and the Creation of ATP

ATP is created via respiration in both animals and plants. The difference with plants is the fact they attain their food from elsewhere (see photosynthesis).

In essence, materials are harnessed to create ATP for biological processes. The energy can be created via cell respiration. The process of respiration occurs in 3 steps (when oxygen is present):

•    Glycolysis

•    The Krebs’s Cycle

The Cytochrome System

sport p2

assessment activity 2- that's what friends are for
unit 2: the physiology of fitness
p2- describe the cardiovascular and respiratory systems responses to accute exercise








cardiovascular

heart rate anticipatory response: Nerves that supply your heart and the chemicals in your blood can increase your heart rate. usually before you exercise your heart rate usually increases.


activity response:  This is when there is the brain detects cardiovascular activity. this then results in the heart pumping more blood round the body at the same time blood is being put where it is needed

increased blood pressure: this is the pressure of blood against the walls of your arteries. during exercise both cardiac output and blood pressure increases, these act to restrict the blood pressure so it doesnt rise to much then gradually bring it down to normal.

vasodilation and vasoconstriction: the function of vasodilation is to increase blood flow in the body to tissues that need it.
vasoconstriction, this is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting in contracting the muscular wall of the vessels, this is the opposite of vasodilation.




Respiratory


increase in breathing rate: this is when you exercise and there is a increase and depth of breathing. When you exercise your muscle demands more oxygen, this then cause to make more carbon dioxide which makes for faster and deeper breathing. Neural involves the brain and nervous system, so your brain effects your breathing.

increased tidal volume: tidal volume is the volume of air you breathe in, in a single breathe. when you exercise you cause a volume in tidal increase this is because you require more oxygen. this is measured in different ways depending on what exercise you are doing. tidal volume is needed to meet your body's requirements.